In short: a biopsy is indicated when the clinical examination alone cannot reliably establish the diagnosis, or when the microscopic result is needed to plan management.
When it may be indicated
Suspicious lesions
Moles, sores, nodules or tumors with features that require diagnostic confirmation.
Inflammatory diseases
Persistent or atypical conditions in which histology helps differentiate possible diagnoses.
Hair and nail changes
Some diseases of the scalp, nails or mucous membranes may require specific sampling.
How it is performed
The procedure is usually done under local anesthesia. Depending on the goal, techniques such as punch, shaving, diagnostic curettage or excision may be used. Not every technique suits every lesion.
- Evaluation and planningDefinition of the site, the technique and the clinical information sent to the pathologist.
- Anesthesia and samplingCleansing, local anesthesia and removal of the sample.
- Dressing and instructionsLocal care, restrictions and signs that justify contacting the team.
- Report and clinical correlationThe result is interpreted together with the examination and the patient's history.
Preparation
Report medications, anticoagulants, allergies, bleeding tendency, pacemaker and any history of abnormal scarring. Do not stop medications on your own.
Recovery
Mild discomfort, sensitivity and slight initial bleeding may occur. The type of dressing, the timing of suture removal and the return to activities vary with the technique and the site.
Related content
How a skin biopsy is performed (in Portuguese) · Skin cancer · Dermoscopy
Further reading by Dr. Diego on the Clínica QARA blog (in Portuguese): when a skin biopsy is indicated.